Rainfall

We are expecting more distinct seasonal changes in rainfall, bringing significantly more rain for some areas and significantly less for others. The changes in river flows that follow put our freshwater biodiversity at major risk. When combined with higher air and water temperatures, habitats can be lost or degraded by lakes forming distinct layers of warmer and cooler water, and increased frequency of algal blooms.

Changes in annual rainfall, as well as drought and sea level rise, put our groundwater, lakes and rivers at extreme risk. If groundwater and surface water aren’t recharged by rainfall, there are impacts on instream values, agriculture and horticulture.

Māori have a special connection to freshwater, and freshwater bodies have their own mauri and identity. The availability and security of freshwater is affected by rainfall, and the mauri of waterways could be impacted by changes in river flow, increased water temperature and more sediment.

Reduced snowfall has consequences for our mountain playgrounds, and flow-on tourism and environmental effects. In 2020, for instance, snow depths were roughly half that of a normal season, and several ski areas delayed opening or did not open at all. Our special alpine tarns may become degraded, with habitat loss for alpine flora and fauna.

Summer droughts significantly affect our water race network, which is thousands of kilometres long and supplied by rainfall, snowmelt, rivers and springs. Some communities rely on these networks for irrigation, supplying water to stock animals and for fighting fires. Water races also serve as storm water drainage and are vulnerable to flooding during heavy rain.

Increasingly waterlogged soils can delay crop planting and cause significant crop damage, resulting in shortages – and therefore price increases – in our stores.

More rain, coupled with warmer weather, encourages the beech trees in our high country to produce more seeds, known as a mast event. The increased food supply for predators rapidly increases their numbers, with drastic consequences for their other food source – our native birds and taonga species.

Canterbury’s diverse mahinga kai is at risk from changes in rainfall and the frequency of storm events. Likewise, warmer air and water temperatures can impact lake, freshwater and coastal habitats.

Our primary sector is predicted to be subject to major impacts by 2050 and extreme impacts within a century if action is not taken now, due to changes in rainfall and temperature, seasonality, weather extremes and increased invasive species.

Increases in rainfall and warmer temperatures could change both the growing season and farming practices.

In areas expected to have an increase in annual rainfall, rainwater can be collected by households for drinking water, reducing pressure on other sources.

A longer, drier summer season in our inland areas and Banks Peninsula may bring economic benefits by way of increased tourism and different agricultural opportunities.